The developmental–ecological approach of Japanese child welfare professionals to supporting children's social and emotional well-being: The practice of mimamori☆

a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Japanese child welfare Mimamori Ibasho This paper illustrates a cultural–developmental approach to the study of child welfare. It describes in cultural context everyday socialization beliefs and practices through which Japanese child welfare workers attempt to support the well-being of maltreated children. Through repeated individual and focus group interviews, naturalistic observations, and an intervention, three interrelated concepts emerged: Ibasho (a place necessary to psychological well-being where one feels peace, security, acceptance and belonging), anshin-kan (a sense of security), and mimamori (the practice of watching over others carefully as a protective figure) as significant to adults in their practice with maltreated children. Adults emphasized the importance of children's feeling of anshin in creating their Ibasho within the institution. Adults' mimamori of children was commonly described by participants and documented during participant observation. Mimamori as an everyday socialization practice is fundamentally developmental and ecological. It creates a socially and emotionally supportive context which provides children with developmental opportunities including to find their Ibasho. Deep emotional commitment to children and accepting relationships were viewed as necessary to successful mimamori, and were prioritized over direct interventions to support children's well-being. Implications for U.S. child welfare research and practice are discussed including the opportunity to step outside of that which we take for granted to strengthen developmental and ecological considerations in child welfare within our own pluralistic society. This paper describes in cultural context some everyday socialization beliefs and practices through which Japanese child welfare workers attempt to support the well-being of maltreated children. Promoting the well-being of maltreated children is a primary goal of child welfare services in the U., but the ways in which this goal is understood and implemented through policies and services may vary in relation to many factors including policy makers' and child welfare professionals' informal, taken-for-granted and unexamined " folk " psychological beliefs about children and their development. These deeply embedded and shared cultural beliefs, including that which is regarded by adults as mature or desirable, vary considerably according to the distinct traditions and circumstances of Japan and the U.S. We approach the complex topic of Japanese socialization beliefs and practices pertaining to maltreated children through the theoretical lens of cultural–developmental psychology (e.g., Rogoff, 2003; Shwe-der et al., 2006). We consider human development as an outgrowth of cultural life focusing both on concrete patterns of everyday socialization practices, …